It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) that Allah Almighty revealed these verses: «﴿وَمَنْ لَمْ يَحْكُمْ بِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللّٰهُ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ . . . فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ . . . فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ﴾ [المائدة: 44-47] » “Those who do not judge by what Allah has revealed, they are disbelievers... they are wrongdoers... they are defiantly disobedient.”These were revealed concerning two groups of Jews. In the time of ignorance, one group had prevailed over the other, and they had agreed to a settlement with mutual consent that if a man from the dominant tribe killed someone from the subdued tribe, the blood money would be fifty wasqs, and if a man from the subdued tribe killed someone from the dominant tribe, the blood money would be one hundred wasqs. They remained upon this agreement until the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) came to Madinah. After the arrival of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), both groups became subdued, but the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did not wage war against them nor trample their lands; rather, he made a peace treaty with them. During this period, a man from the subdued tribe killed a man from the dominant tribe. The dominant tribe sent word to the subdued tribe, saying,“Send us one hundred wasqs as blood money.”The subdued tribe replied,“Can it ever be that among tribes whose religion is one, whose lineage is one, and whose city is one, the blood money for some is full and for others is half? Previously, we used to give you this amount out of fear and dread of you, but now that Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) has come, we cannot give you this blood money under any circumstances.”War was about to break out between the two groups when both agreed to appoint the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) as judge. Then the dominant tribe remembered and said,“By Allah! Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) will not grant you double the blood money, and what they are saying is correct, that they used to give us double the blood money out of fear, dread, and our dominance. Therefore, secretly send someone to Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) who can inform you of his opinion. If he grants you the blood money you desire, then appoint him as your judge, and if not, then avoid him and do not appoint him as your arbitrator.”So they secretly sent some people from among the hypocrites to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to find out his opinion and report back. When they reached the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), Allah Almighty informed His Messenger of all their details and intentions, and He revealed these verses: «﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الرَّسُولُ لَا يَحْزُنْكَ الَّذِينَ يُسَارِعُونَ فِي الْكُفْرِ مِنَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا آمَنَّا . . . . . وَمَنْ لَمْ يَحْكُمْ بِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللّٰهُ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ﴾ [المائدة: 41-47] » “O Messenger! Let not those grieve you who hasten into disbelief, from among those who say, ‘We believe’... and those who do not judge by what Allah has revealed, they are defiantly disobedient.”Then Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said,“By Allah! This verse was revealed concerning these two groups, and Allah meant these two groups in this verse.”