It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sometimes gave some military detachments more than the rest of the armies, and khums (one-fifth) was obligatory in all those spoils.

Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that we went out with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) in the battle of Hunayn. When we fought the enemies, the Muslims (at first) were defeated (that is, some Muslims fled and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and some people remained steadfast with him in the battlefield). Then I saw a disbeliever who was attacking a Muslim (to kill him). I turned around towards him and struck him between his shoulder and neck. He turned towards me and pressed me so hard that the image of death passed before my eyes. After that, he himself died and then let me go. I met Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) and he said, "What has happened to the people (that they have fled like this)?" I said, "It is the command of Allah, the Exalted." Then the people returned and the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) sat down and said, "Whoever has killed someone and has a witness, then the belongings (of the slain) are for him." Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said that upon hearing this, I stood up and said, "Who is my witness?" After that, I sat down. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said the same again, so I stood up again and said, "Who will testify for me?" I sat down. Then for the third time, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said the same, so I stood up again. Finally, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) asked, "O Abu Qatadah! What has happened to you?" I narrated the whole incident. Then a man said, "O Messenger of Allah! Abu Qatadah is telling the truth. The belongings of that person are with me, so please make him pleased to give me my right." Upon hearing this, Sayyiduna Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said, "No, by Allah, this will never happen, and (the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) will never intend) that one of the lions of Allah, who fights for Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), will have his belongings given to you." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, "Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) is telling the truth." (From this hadith, the great virtue of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) is proven, that he gave a fatwa in the presence of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and he affirmed his fatwa as true.) So those belongings were given to Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him). Then he gave those belongings to me. Sayyiduna Abu Qatadah (may Allah be pleased with him) said that I sold the armor (from those belongings) and with its price, I bought a garden in the locality of Banu Salamah. And this was the first wealth that I earned in the state of Islam.

`Sayyiduna Abdur Rahman bin Awf (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I was standing in the row during the Battle of Badr. I looked to my right and left and saw young and underage boys of the Ansar on both my sides. I wished that I were between stronger men (meaning, if there were strong people beside me, I would feel more at ease). Meanwhile, one of them nudged me and said, "O uncle! Do you recognize Abu Jahl?" I said, "Yes, and O son of my brother! What do you want with Abu Jahl?" He said, "I have heard that Abu Jahl speaks ill of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). By Him in whose hand is my soul, if I see Abu Jahl, I will not leave him until one of us dies whose death comes first." Sayyiduna Abdur Rahman (may Allah be pleased with him) said, I was amazed at what he said (that being a child, he intended to kill someone as strong as Abu Jahl). Then the other nudged me and said the same thing. He says, not much time had passed when I saw Abu Jahl moving among the people. I said to both boys, "That is the person you were asking about." As soon as they heard this, both of them ran and struck him with their swords until they killed him. Then both returned to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and described what had happened. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked, "Which of you killed him?" Each began to say, "I killed him." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked, "Have you cleaned your swords?" They replied, "No." Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) looked at both their swords and said, "You both killed him." Then his belongings were given to Mu'adh bin Amr bin Jamuh (may Allah be pleased with him), and the two boys were Mu'adh bin Amr bin Jamuh and Mu'adh bin Afra (may Allah be pleased with them both).

Sayyiduna Awf bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) says that a man from the tribe of Himyar killed a man from among the enemies and wanted to take his belongings, but Sayyiduna Khalid bin Walid (may Allah be pleased with him), who was the commander of the army on behalf of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), did not give it to him. Sayyiduna Awf bin Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and related the matter to him. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him), "Why did you not give him the belongings?" Sayyiduna Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) said, "O Messenger of Allah! The belongings were too much (so I did not consider it appropriate to give all of it)." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "Give him the belongings." Then Sayyiduna Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) went out with Sayyiduna Awf (may Allah be pleased with him), and Sayyiduna Awf (may Allah be pleased with him), pulling his cloak, said, "I reported it to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and in the end, this is what happened, isn't it?" (i.e., he embarrassed Sayyiduna Khalid (may Allah be pleased with him) that in the end, you had to give the belongings). The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) heard this and, becoming angry, said, "O Khalid! Do not give it to him, O Khalid! Do not give it to him. Will you leave my commanders? The example of you and them is like someone who took camels or goats to graze, then grazed them and, seeing the time of their thirst, brought them to a pond, so they began to drink. Then the clear water was drunk and the dregs were left, so the clear (i.e., good things) are for you and the bad things are upon the commanders (i.e., the blame and accountability is upon them)."

Sayyiduna Salamah bin Akwa’ (may Allah be pleased with him) says that we were with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) in the battle of Hawazin (the Battle of Hunayn), which took place in the eighth year of Hijrah. We were having breakfast with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) when suddenly a man riding a red camel arrived. He made the camel sit down, took a strap from its back, and tied it. Then he came and started eating with the people and looking around (he was a spy of the disbelievers). And in those days, we were weak and some of us were on foot (who did not have mounts). Suddenly, he ran towards his camel, untied its strap, made it sit, and then mounted it and made it stand up, so the camel ran off with him (now he went to inform the disbelievers). A man chased after him on a sandy-colored she-camel. Sayyiduna Salamah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: I ran on foot; at first, I was at the haunch of the she-camel (which was chasing the spy), then I moved ahead until I reached the haunch of the camel, then I moved further ahead until I grabbed the camel’s halter and made it sit down. As soon as the camel placed its knee on the ground, I drew my sword and struck the man on his head, knocking him down. Then I brought the camel, dragging it along with the (spy’s) belongings and weapons. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) was with the people who had gone ahead (waiting for me). He met me and asked,“Who killed this man?”The people said,“The son of Akwa’.”So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said,“All his belongings are for the son of Akwa’.”

Sayyiduna Iyas bin Salamah narrates from his father, Sayyiduna Salamah bin Akwa’ (may Allah be pleased with him) that he said: We fought jihad against (the tribe of) Fazarah, and our leader was Sayyiduna Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him), whom the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had appointed as our commander. When there was a distance of about an hour between us and the water (that is, the water where the tribe of Fazarah resided), we camped during the latter part of the night on the order of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him). Then, attacking from all sides, we reached the water. Whoever was killed was killed, and some were taken captive. I was watching a group in which there were (disbelievers’) children and women. I feared that they might reach the mountain before me, so I shot an arrow between them and the mountain. Seeing the arrow, they stopped. I drove them all back. Among them was a woman from Fazarah who was wearing leather, and with her was her daughter, who was the most beautiful young girl among the Arabs. I brought them all to Sayyiduna Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him), and he gave that girl to me as a reward. When we reached Madinah, and I had not even uncovered the girl’s clothes, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) met me in the market and said,“O Salamah! Give me that girl.”I said,“O Messenger of Allah! By Allah, she is dear to me, and I have not even uncovered her clothes yet.”The next day, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) met me in the market and said,“O Salamah! Give me that girl, and your father was a very good man.”I said,“O Messenger of Allah! She is yours. By Allah, I have not even uncovered her clothes.”Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent that girl to the people of Makkah, and in exchange for her, he freed several Muslims who had been imprisoned in Makkah.

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When you come to a town and stay there, then you have a share in it. And if the people of a town disobey Allah and His Messenger, that is, they fight (against you), then one fifth of the spoils of war is for Allah and His Messenger, and the remaining (four parts) are for you."

Sayyiduna Malik bin Aws says: Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) called me, and I came to him in the daytime. He was sitting in his house on a bare bedstead without any bedding, reclining on a leather pillow. He said,“O Malik! Some people from your tribe came running to me, so I have given them a little something. Distribute it among all of them.”I said,“I wish you had assigned this task to someone else.”He said,“O Malik! You take it.”Meanwhile, Yarfa (his servant) came and said,“O Commander of the Faithful! Uthman bin Affan, Abdur Rahman bin Awf, Zubair, and Sa’d (may Allah be pleased with them) have come. Shall I let them in?”Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Yes, let them in.”They came in. Then Yarfa came and said,“Abbas and Ali (may Allah be pleased with them) want to come.”So Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Allow them as well.”Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“O Commander of the Faithful! Decide between me and this liar, sinner, deceiver, and thief.”The people said,“Yes, O Commander of the Faithful! Decide between them and relieve them from this issue.”Malik bin Aws said,“I know that both of them (i.e., Sayyiduna Ali and Sayyiduna Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them) had sent Sayyiduna Uthman, Abdur Rahman, Zubair, and Sa’d (may Allah be pleased with them) ahead (so that they would speak to Sayyiduna Umar and get a decision).”Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Wait! I adjure you by Allah, by whose command the earth and the heavens exist, do you not know that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘We, the Prophets, do not leave inheritance; whatever we leave behind is charity’?”All said,“Yes, we know.”Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) turned to Sayyiduna Abbas and Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with them) and said,“I adjure you both by Allah, by whose command the earth and the heavens exist, do you know that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘We, the Prophets, have no heirs, and whatever we leave behind is charity’?”Both said,“Indeed, we know.”Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Allah Almighty specified something for the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) that He did not specify for anyone else. Allah Almighty said: ‘Whatever Allah has bestowed upon His Messenger from the property of the people of the villages, it is for Allah and His Messenger’ (__QUR_N__). I do not know whether he recited the previous verse or not. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, ‘The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) distributed the wealth of Banu Nadir among you people. And by Allah, he did not consider it more for himself than for you, nor did he take it for himself and not give you, until this wealth remained. From it, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) would take the expenses for one year, and what remained would be included in the treasury (Bayt al-Mal).’ Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, ‘I adjure you by Allah, by whose command the earth and the heavens exist, do you all know this?’ They said, ‘Yes, we know.’ Then he gave the same oath to Sayyiduna Ali and Sayyiduna Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them), and they also said, ‘Yes.’ Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said, ‘When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) passed away, Sayyiduna Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“I am the guardian of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him).”So both of you came. Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) was demanding the inheritance of his nephew (i.e., the Messenger of Allah, who was the son of Abbas’s brother), and Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) was seeking the share of his wife from her father’s wealth (i.e., Fatimah az-Zahra, may Allah be pleased with her, who was the wife of Ali and the daughter of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him). Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) replied that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said:“We, the Prophets, have no heirs; whatever we leave behind is charity.”So you considered him a liar, sinner, deceiver, and thief, while Allah knows that he was truthful, righteous, guided, and a follower of the truth. Then Sayyiduna Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) passed away, and I became the guardian of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) and of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him). So you considered me also a liar, sinner, deceiver, and thief, while Allah knows that I am truthful, righteous, and upon the truth, a follower of the truth. I remained the guardian of this wealth. Then both of you came to me, and you are one (i.e., although you are two persons, due to your closeness to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, you are like one person). You said,“Hand over this wealth to us.”So I said,“Fine! If you wish, I will give it to you on the condition that you will do with it what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) used to do.”You took this wealth from me on this condition. Then Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Is it not so?”They said,“Yes.”Sayyiduna Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“Now you both have come to me for a decision? No, by Allah! I will not make any decision other than this until the Day of Judgment. However, if you are unable to manage this wealth, then return it to me.”

Narrated from Umm al-Mu’minin Aisha Siddiqa (may Allah be pleased with her) that Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (may Allah be pleased with her), the daughter of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), sent someone to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) to ask for her inheritance from the property which Allah had given to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) in Madinah and Fadak, and from what remained of the fifth (khums) of Khaybar. Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said:“We (the Prophets) do not leave inheritance; whatever we leave behind is charity. And the family of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) will eat from this property. By Allah! I will not change anything of the charity of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) from the state it was in during the time of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), and I will do with it what the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) used to do.”Thus, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) refused to give anything to Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (may Allah be pleased with her), so she became angry and stopped meeting Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) and did not speak to him until she passed away. (Imam Nawawi, may Allah have mercy on him, said that this abandonment of meeting was not the one which is forbidden in Shariah, and that is when one does not greet at the time of meeting or does not reply to the greeting.) And she lived only six months after the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) (some said eight months, or three months, or two months, or seventy days; in any case, she passed away on the third of Ramadan, 11 AH). When she passed away, her husband Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) buried her at night and did not inform Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) (from this it is known that burying at night is permissible, but daytime is preferable if there is no excuse), and Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) led the funeral prayer over her. And as long as Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (may Allah be pleased with her) was alive, people loved Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) because of her; when she passed away, Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) saw that people had turned away from him, so he considered it appropriate to reconcile with Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) and to pledge allegiance to him, and several months had passed and he had not yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him). Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) called Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) and sent word that he should come alone and no one should come with him, because he disliked the coming of Umar (may Allah be pleased with him). Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him):“By Allah! Do not go to them alone.”Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) said:“What will they do to me? By Allah, I will go alone.”So Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) went to them, and Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) recited the testimony (as is recited at the beginning of a sermon), then said:“O Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him)! We have recognized your virtue and what Allah has given you (i.e., the caliphate), and we do not envy the blessing which Allah has given you (i.e., the caliphate and rule), but you did this matter alone? And we thought that we also had a right in it because of our close relationship to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him).”Then Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) kept talking to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) until Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) was moved to tears. When Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) began to speak, he said:“By Him in Whose hand is my soul, the regard for the kinship of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) is dearer to me than my own kinship. And regarding the matters in which there was disagreement between me and you (i.e., Fadak, Nadhir, and the fifth of Khaybar, etc.), I did not abandon the truth, nor did I leave any action which I saw the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) doing; I did exactly that.”Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) said to Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him):“Alright, today at noon we will pledge allegiance to you.”When Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) finished the Zuhr prayer, he ascended the pulpit and delivered a sermon, and mentioned the story of Ali (may Allah be pleased with him), his delay in pledging allegiance, and the excuse he had presented, and then prayed for forgiveness. And Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) delivered a sermon and mentioned the virtue of Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) and said:“My delay in pledging allegiance was not because I envied Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) or denied his greatness and virtue, but we thought that we also had a share in the matter of the caliphate, which was done alone without consultation, and for this reason our hearts were grieved.”Upon hearing this, the Muslims were pleased and all said to Ali (may Allah be pleased with him):“You have done the right thing.”From that day, when he adopted the correct course, the Muslims again inclined towards Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).

Narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Whatever I leave behind, my heirs cannot distribute even a single dinar from it, and after the expenses of my wives and the wages of the administrator, whatever remains is charity.