It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar (may Allah be pleased with both of them) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) allotted two shares from the spoils of war to the horse and one share to the foot soldier.

It is narrated from Yazid bin Hurmaz that Najdah (the leader of the Haruri Khawarij) wrote to Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) and asked him five things. Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) said that if it were not for the concealment of knowledge, I would not have written a reply to him (because he was the rejected leader of the heretical Khawarij, and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said about them that they will go out of the religion as an arrow passes through the prey). Najdah had written: After praise and blessings. 1. Tell me, did the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, take women along in jihad? 2. Did he give them a share (from the spoils of war)? 3. Did he, peace and blessings be upon him, kill children as well? 4. When does the orphanhood of an orphan end? 5. Whose right is the khums (one-fifth of the spoils)? Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) wrote in reply: You ask me whether the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, took women along in jihad? Indeed, he did take them along, and they used to treat the wounded, and they would receive some reward, but no share was fixed for them. (This is the view of Abu Hanifa, Thawri, Layth, Shafi’i, and the majority of scholars, but according to Awza’i, if a woman fights or treats the wounded, she should be given a share. And according to Malik, she should not even receive a reward, and both these views are rejected by this authentic hadith.) And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, did not kill (the disbelievers’) children. So you too should not kill children (similarly, women; but if children and women fight, then it is permissible to kill them). And you asked me, when does the orphanhood of an orphan end? By the One Who gave me life, sometimes a man grows a beard, but he does not have the sense to take or give (he is still considered an orphan, i.e., his ruling is like that of orphans). Then, when he begins to speak sensibly for his own benefit, as people do, his orphanhood ends. And you asked me about khums, whose right is it? We used to say that khums is for us, but our people did not accept it.

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) sent some horsemen towards Najd, and they brought back a man from Banu Hanifah, Thumamah bin Uthal, who was the chief of the people of Yamamah. Then he was tied to one of the pillars of the mosque. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) went to him and said,“O Thumamah! What do you think (that I will do with you)?”He replied,“O Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), my opinion is good. If you kill me, you will kill a person whose blood will not go in vain (i.e., there are people who will seek retribution for me). And if you show kindness and set me free, I will be grateful to you. And if you want wealth, then ask for it, as much as you wish.”Hearing this, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) left. The next day, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) again asked,“O Thumamah! What do you think?”He replied,“My opinion is the same as I have already said: if you show kindness and set me free, I will be grateful to you; if you kill me, you will kill a person whose blood will be avenged; and if you want wealth, then ask for it, whatever you wish will be given.”The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) left him tied as he was. Then on the third day, he asked,“O Thumamah! What do you think?”He replied,“The same as I have already said: if you show kindness and set me free, I will be grateful to you; if you kill me, you will kill a person whose blood will be avenged; and if you want wealth, then ask for it, whatever you wish will be given.”The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said,“Release Thumamah.”The people complied with the order and released him. Thumamah went to a palm grove near the mosque, performed ghusl (ritual bath), then came to the mosque and said,“I bear witness that there is no true god except Allah, and indeed Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah. O Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him)! By Allah, there was no face on the entire earth that I hated to look at more than yours, but today your face has become the most beloved to me. And by Allah, there was no religion more hateful to me than your religion, but now your religion is the most beloved to me. And by Allah, there was no city more hateful to me than your city, but now your city is the most beloved to me of all cities. Your horsemen captured me while I was going for ‘Umrah. Now, what do you command?”The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) congratulated him and permitted him to perform ‘Umrah. When he reached Makkah, someone said to him,“Have you become irreligious?”He replied,“No, by Allah, rather I have become obedient to Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). And by Allah, not a single grain of wheat will come to you from Yamamah until the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) permits it.”

Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) says that we were sitting in the mosque when the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) came to us and said, "Let us go to the Jews." We went with him until we reached the Jews. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) stood up, called them, and said, "O people of the Jews! Accept Islam and you will be safe." They said, "O Abu al-Qasim (peace and blessings be upon him)! You have conveyed (the message of Allah)." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "That is what I desire." Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "O Jews, accept Islam and you will be safe." They said, "O Abu al-Qasim (peace and blessings be upon him)! You have conveyed (the message of Allah)." The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, "That is what I desire (that you acknowledge the message of Allah has reached you)." Then he (peace and blessings be upon him) said the same thing a third time and said, "Know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), and I want to expel you from this land. So whoever can sell his property, let him sell it, and if not, then know that the earth belongs to Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him)."

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Umar bin Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) that he heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say: "I will certainly expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula, so that I will not leave anyone there except Muslims."

‘Mother of the Believers, Aisha Siddiqa (may Allah be pleased with her) says that Sa’d bin Mu’adh (may Allah be pleased with him) was struck by an arrow shot by a man from the Quraysh named Ibn al-‘Arfa (this is his mother’s name) on the day of the Trench (Battle of the Trench), and it hit his akhil (a vein). So the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) had a tent set up for him in the mosque (from this it is known that sleeping in the mosque and a sick person staying there is permissible) so that he could visit him closely. When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) returned from the Trench and had put down his weapons and taken a bath, then Jibreel (peace be upon him) came to him, shaking the dust from his head, and said,“Have you put down your weapons? By Allah, we have not put down our weapons. Come, let us go to them.”The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked,“Where?”He pointed towards Banu Qurayza. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) fought them, and they came down from their fortress, agreeing to accept his judgment, and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) referred their judgment to our master Sa’d (may Allah be pleased with him) (because they were allies of Sa’d). Sa’d (may Allah be pleased with him) said,“I rule that those among them who fought should be killed, their children and women should be taken captive, and their wealth should be distributed.”Hisham heard from his father (‘Urwah), who said,“I was informed that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to Sa’d (may Allah be pleased with him), ‘You have given the judgment concerning Banu Qurayza that was the judgment of Allah, the Mighty and Majestic.’ In another narration, it is mentioned that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said, ‘You have judged according to Allah’s command,’ and on another occasion, he said, ‘You have judged according to the command of the King.’”