المستدرك على الصحيحين
Al Mustadrak ala al‑Sahihayn
كتاب الزكاة
Book of Zakah
من تصدق من مال حرام لم يكن له فيه أجر وكان إصره عليه
Whoever gives charity from unlawful wealth has no reward in it, and its burden is upon him
Hadith Number: 1457
اخبرنا ابو النضر الفقيه، حدثنا عثمان بن سعيد الدارمي. وحدثنا علي بن حمشاذ العدل، حدثنا إبراهيم بن إسحاق الحربي، وهشام بن علي، قالوا: حدثنا موسى بن إسماعيل، حدثنا حماد بن سلمة، قال: اخذت من ثمامة بن عبد الله بن انس كتابا زعم ان ابا بكر كتبه لانس، وعليه خاتم رسول الله ﷺ حين بعثه مصدقا، وكتبه له، فإذا فيه: هذه فريضة الصدقة التي فرضها رسول الله ﷺ على المسلمين التي امر الله بها نبيه ﷺ فمن سئلها على وجهها فليعطها، ومن سئل فوقها (2) فلا يعطه. فيما دون خمس وعشرين من الإبل الغنم؛ وفي كل ذود شاة، فإذا بلغت خمسا وعشرين ففيها ابنة مخاض إلى ان تبلغ خمسا وثلاثين، فإن لم يكن فيها ابنة مخاض فابن لبون ذكر، فإذا بلغت ستا وثلاثين ففيها ابنة لبون إلى خمس واربعين، فإذا بلغت ستا واربعين ففيها حقة طروقة الفحل إلى ستين، فإذا بلغت إحدى وستين ففيها جذعة إلى خمس وسبعين، فإذا بلغت ستا وسبعين ففيها ابنتا لبون إلى تسعين، فإذا بلغت إحدى وتسعين ففيها حقتان طروقتا الفحل إلى عشرين ومئة، فإذا زادت على عشرين ومئة ففي كل اربعين ابنة لبون وفي كل خمسين حقة. فإذا تباين اسنان الإبل في فرائض الصدقات، فمن بلغت عنده صدقة الجذعة وليست عنده جذعة، وعنده حقة فإنها تقبل منه، وان يجعل معها شاتين إن استيسرتا له، او عشرين درهما، ومن بلغت عنده صدقة الحقة وليست عنده حقة وعنده جذعة فإنها تقبل منه، ويعطيه المصدق عشرين درهما او شاتين، ومن بلغت عنده صدقة بنت لبون وليست عنده إلا حقة فإنها تقبل منه، ويعطيه المصدق عشرين درهما او شاتين، ومن بلغت عنده صدقة بنت لبون وليس عنده إلا ابنة مخاض فإنها تقبل منه وشاتين او عشرين درهما، ومن بلغت عنده صدقة بنت مخاض وليس عنده إلا ابن لبون ذكر فإنه يقبل (1) منه وليس معه شيء، ومن لم يكن عنده إلا اربع فليس فيها شيء إلا ان يشاء ربها. وفي سائمة الغنم إذا كانت اربعين ففيها شاة إلى عشرين ومئة، فإذا زادت على عشرين ومئة ففيها شاتان إلى ان تبلغ مئتين، فإذا زادت على المئتين ففيها ثلاث شياه إلى ان تبلغ ثلاث مئة، فإذا زادت على ثلاث مئة ففي كل مئة شاة. ولا تؤخذ في الصدقة هرمة ولا ذات عوار من الغنم، ولا تيس الغنم إلا ان يشاء المصدق. ولا يجمع بين متفرق ولا يفرق بين مجتمع خشية الصدقة، وما كانا من خليطين فإنهما يتراجعان بينهما بالسوية، فإن لم تبلغ سائمة الرجل اربعين فليس فيها شيء إلا ان يشاء ربها. وفي الرقة ربع العشر، فإن لم يكن المال إلا تسعين ومئة فليس فيها شيء إلا ان يشاء ربها (1).
هذا حديث صحيح على شرط مسلم، ولم يخرجاه هكذا، إنما تفرد بإخراجه البخاري من وجه علا فيه عن الانصاري عن ثمامة بن عبد الله، وحديث حماد بن سلمة اصح واشفى واتم من حديث الانصاري.
هذا حديث صحيح على شرط مسلم، ولم يخرجاه هكذا، إنما تفرد بإخراجه البخاري من وجه علا فيه عن الانصاري عن ثمامة بن عبد الله، وحديث حماد بن سلمة اصح واشفى واتم من حديث الانصاري.
Hammad bin Salamah states: I obtained a document from Thumamah bin Abdullah bin Anas, about which he claimed that Sayyiduna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may Allah be pleased with him) had written it for Sayyiduna Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) when he sent him as a collector of zakah, and it bore the blessed seal of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). In it was written: "This is the obligation of zakah which the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) made obligatory upon the Muslims, and which Allah commanded His Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) about. So whichever Muslim is asked for it according to the rule should pay it, and whoever is asked for more than that should not give it. (Its details are as follows:) Up to twenty-four camels, the zakah is in the form of sheep: one sheep is due for every five camels. When the number reaches twenty-five up to thirty-five, a one-year-old she-camel (bint makhad) is due; if there is none, a two-year-old male camel (ibn labun) is to be given. When the number is from thirty-six to forty-five, a two-year-old she-camel (bint labun) is to be given. From forty-six to sixty, a three-year-old she-camel (hiqqah) fit for mating is to be given. From sixty-one to seventy-five, a four-year-old she-camel (jadha'ah) is due. From seventy-six to ninety, two two-year-old she-camels (bint labun) are to be given. From ninety-one to one hundred and twenty, two three-year-old she-camels (hiqqah) fit for mating are to be given. When the number exceeds one hundred and twenty, one two-year-old she-camel (bint labun) is due for every forty and one three-year-old she-camel (hiqqah) for every fifty. If the animal of the required age for zakah is not available, for example if a four-year-old she-camel (jadha'ah) is due from someone but he does not have one, and instead has a three-year-old she-camel (hiqqah), then that will be accepted, provided that he also pays two sheep or twenty dirhams along with it. Likewise, if a three-year-old she-camel (hiqqah) is due from someone and he has a four-year-old she-camel (jadha'ah), the collector will accept it and give back twenty dirhams or two sheep to the owner. If a two-year-old she-camel (bint labun) is due from someone and he has only a three-year-old she-camel (hiqqah), it will be accepted and the collector will give him twenty dirhams or two sheep. If a two-year-old she-camel (bint labun) is due from someone and he has only a one-year-old she-camel (bint makhad), it will be accepted provided that he gives two sheep or twenty dirhams along with it. If a one-year-old she-camel (bint makhad) is due from someone and he has only a two-year-old male camel (ibn labun), it will be accepted without anything extra. Whoever has only four camels, nothing is due on him unless he himself wishes to give willingly. The ruling on the zakah of sheep is this: from forty to one hundred and twenty, one sheep; from one hundred and twenty-one to two hundred, two sheep; from two hundred and one to three hundred, three sheep; and then one sheep is due for every hundred sheep. An old, one-eyed or defective animal will not be taken in zakah, nor the stud (male) of the flock, unless the collector considers it appropriate. For fear of zakah, separate animals will not be gathered together, nor will animals kept together be separated; and if there are two partners, they will settle the account between themselves equally. Whoever has fewer than forty grazing sheep, nothing is due on him unless the owner himself wishes to give. In silver (riqah) the zakah is one fortieth (two and a half percent), and if the silver is one hundred and ninety dirhams, there is no zakah on it unless the owner wishes to give willingly."
This hadith is sahih (authentic) on the condition of Imam Muslim, but they did not record it in this way; only Imam Bukhari is alone in recording it, but this narration of Hammad bin Salamah is more authentic and more complete than the narration of al-Ansari.
تخریج الحدیث: «إسناده صحيح،أبو النضر الفقيه: هو محمد بن محمد بن يوسف، وموسى بن إسماعيل: هو أبو سلمة التبوذكي.» [ترقيم الرساله 1457] [ترقيم الشركة 1445]
Takhrij and Tahqiq of Hadith No. 1457 of Al Mustadrak ala al‑Sahihayn
by Shaykh Adil Murshid, Dr. Ahmad Barhoum, Dr. Muhammad Kamil Qarah Balli and Dr. Sa'id al-Lahham
Hadith-science notes and terminology
by Shaykh Adil Murshid, Dr. Ahmad Barhoum, Dr. Muhammad Kamil Qarah Balli and Dr. Sa'id al-Lahham
Hadith-science notes and terminology
Technical note: (2) The word "fawqaha" had dropped out of the manuscripts, and it was restored from Talkhis al-Dhahabi and the Mahmudiyyah manuscript.
(2) لفظ "فوقها" سقط من نسخنا الخطية، واستدركناه من "تلخيص الذهبي"، وهو ثابت في النسخة المحمودية من "المستدرك" كما في طبعة الميمان.
Technical note: (1) The manuscripts differed over the words "wa laysa ma'aha shay'"; the correct form was restored according to Talkhis al-Dhahabi.
(1) في (ز) و (ب) و (ع): "فإنها تقبل منه وليس معها شيء" والمثبت من (ص) و"تلخيص الذهبي"، وهو الوجه.
Grading: (1) Its chain is sahih. Abu al-Nadr al-Faqih and Abu Salamah al-Tabudhaki are trustworthy narrators.
(1) إسناده صحيح. أبو النضر الفقيه: هو محمد بن محمد بن يوسف، وموسى بن إسماعيل: هو أبو سلمة التبوذكي.
Reference / Source: Abu Dawud (1567) narrated it via the chain of al-Tabudhaki, with this same chain.
وأخرجه أبو داود (1567) عن موسى بن إسماعيل التبوذكي، بهذا الإسناد.
Reference / Source: Ahmad (1/72) and al-Nasa'i narrated it via the route of Hammad bin Salamah.
وأخرجه أحمد 1/ (72)، والنسائي (2239) و (2247) من طريقين عن حماد بن سلمة، به.
Grading: Al-Bukhari (1454), Ibn Majah and Ibn Hibban narrated it via the chain of Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Ansari, who is saduq (truthful) and hasan al-hadith.
وأخرجه بنحوه البخاري (1454)، وابن ماجه (1800)، وابن حبان (3266) من طريق محمد بن عبد الله بن المثنى الأنصاري، عن أبيه، عن ثمامة بن عبد الله بن أنس، به. ومحمد بن عبد الله الأنصاري صدوق حسن الحديث.
Repetition: Imam al-Bukhari narrated this hadith in parts with this same chain in several places (1448, 1450, etc.).
ومن هذا الطريق نفسه قطّعه البخاري بالأرقام (1448) و (1450) و (1451) و (1453) و (1455) و (2487) و (3106) و (5878) و (6955).
Technical note: See the narration that follows it.
وانظر ما بعده.
(Note / Clarification): "Dhawd": a number of camels between 2 and 9, or between 3 and 10.
قوله: "ذَوْد": قال ابن الأثير: الذَّود من الإبل: ما بين الثنتين إلى التسع، وقيل: ما بين الثلاث إلى العشر. واللفظة مؤنثة لا واحد لها كالنَّعَم.
(Note / Clarification): "Ibn al-makhad / bint al-makhad": a young camel that has entered its second year.
وابن المخاض، وابنة المخاض: ما دخل في السنة الثانية.
(Note / Clarification): "Ibn al-labun / bint al-labun": a camel that has completed two years and entered its third, and whose mother has again become a milk-giver (labun).
وابن اللبون، وابنة اللبون، قال: هما من الإبل ما أتى عليه سنتان ودخل في الثالثة، فصارت أمّه لبونًا، أي: ذات لبن.
(Note / Clarification): "Al-hiqqah": a camel that has entered its fourth year and has become fit (deserving) to be ridden and to carry loads.
والحِقَّة من الإبل، قال: هو ما دخل في السنة الرابعة إلى آخرها، وسمي بذلك لأنه استحق الركوب والتحميل.
(Note / Clarification): "Taruqat al-fahl": that is, a young she-camel that has become fit for mating.
طَروقة الفحل، قال: أي يعلو الفحلُ مثلَها في سنِّها.
(Note / Clarification): "Al-jadha'ah": a she-camel that has completed four years and begun its fifth.
والجَذَعة من الإبل: هي التي لها أربع سنين، ودخلت في الخامسة.
Reference / Source: And his words "harimah" (an old animal): al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar says in "al-Fath" (5/125): with fathah on the ha' and kasrah on the ra', it means an aged animal whose teeth have fallen out.
وقوله: هَرِمَة، قال الحافظ في "الفتح" 5/ 125: بفتح الهاء وكسر الراء: الكبيرة التي سقطت ¤ ¤ أسنانها.
Important point: "Dhat 'awar" (defective): al-Hafiz said it may be read with either fathah or dammah on the 'ayn, meaning defective.
Note / Clarification: One view is that with fathah ('awar) it means a defect in general, and with dammah ('uwar) it means one-eyedness.
Note / Clarification: One view is that with fathah ('awar) it means a defect in general, and with dammah ('uwar) it means one-eyedness.
ذات عَوَار، قال: بفتح العين المهملة وبضمها، أي: مَعيبة، وقيل: بالفتح: العيب، وبالضم: العَوَر.
Technical note / Defect ('illah): And his words "wa la tays al-ghanam illa an yasha'a al-mussaddiq" (and the male goat is not to be taken unless the one paying zakat himself wishes): al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar (5/125) says there is a difference over the vocalisation (dabt) of the word "al-mussaddiq".
General principle: According to most, it is with a shaddah on the sad, meaning the "owner" (the one paying zakat), and Imam Abu 'Ubayd chose this. The meaning of the hadith is that an old or defective animal is not taken at all, and the "tays" (the male goat / stud) is also not taken without the owner's consent, since he needs it for breeding and taking it against his will harms him. On this reading, the "exception" is specific to the third item (the male animal).
Note / Clarification: Some read it without the shaddah on the sad, meaning "the zakat collector" (the official agent). It is as if this indicates leaving the matter to his judgement, since he stands in the position of an agent, so he will not act against what is beneficial but will decide according to the rules. This is the view of Imam al-Shafi'i.
General principle: According to most, it is with a shaddah on the sad, meaning the "owner" (the one paying zakat), and Imam Abu 'Ubayd chose this. The meaning of the hadith is that an old or defective animal is not taken at all, and the "tays" (the male goat / stud) is also not taken without the owner's consent, since he needs it for breeding and taking it against his will harms him. On this reading, the "exception" is specific to the third item (the male animal).
Note / Clarification: Some read it without the shaddah on the sad, meaning "the zakat collector" (the official agent). It is as if this indicates leaving the matter to his judgement, since he stands in the position of an agent, so he will not act against what is beneficial but will decide according to the rules. This is the view of Imam al-Shafi'i.
وقوله: "ولا تيس الغنم إلّا أن يشاء المصدِّق" قال - يعني الحافظ 5/ 125 - : اختُلف في ضبطه، فالأكثر على أنه بالتشديد، والمراد: المالك، وهذا اختيار أبي عبيد، وتقدير الحديث: لا تؤخذ هرمة ولا ذات عيب أصلًا، ولا يؤخذ التيس - وهو فحل الغنم - إلّا برضا المالك لكونه يحتاج إليه، ففي أخذه بغير اختياره إضرارٌ به، والله أعلم، وعلى هذا فالاستثناء مختص بالثالث. ومنهم من ضبطه بتخفيف الصاد: وهو الساعي، وكأنه يشير بذلك إلى التفويض إليه في اجتهاده، لكونه يجري مجرى الوكيل، فلا يتصرف بغير المصلحة، فيتقيد بما تقتضيه القواعد، وهذا قول الشافعي.
Important point: His words "al-riqah": Ibn al-Athir writes in "al-Nihayah" that it means silver and the dirhams minted (cast) from it.
Technical note: The root of this word is "al-wariq", which refers specifically to minted dirhams; the "waw" was dropped from it and a "ha'" (ta' marbutah) was added at the end in its place.
Technical note: The root of this word is "al-wariq", which refers specifically to minted dirhams; the "waw" was dropped from it and a "ha'" (ta' marbutah) was added at the end in its place.
قوله: "الرِّقَة" قال ابن الأثير في "النهاية" (رقه): يعني الفضة والدراهم المضروبة منها، وأصل اللفظة: الوَرِق، وهي الدراهم المضروبة خاصة، فحذفت الواو وعُوِّض منها الهاء.