Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that two men brought a dispute regarding a she-camel to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). One of them said: "This she-camel gave birth to a calf at my place." Each of them presented evidence, so the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) gave the verdict in favor of the person in whose possession the she-camel was at that time.

Abu Qais, who is the servant of Sayyiduna Amr ibn al-As, narrates: The Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When a judge exercises ijtihad (independent reasoning) while making a decision and makes a mistake in it, he receives one reward, and if he exercises ijtihad while making a decision and gives a correct judgment, he receives two rewards."

Another narration is reported from Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him) from the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him).

Sayyiduna Amr ibn al-As (may Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "When a judge exercises ijtihad while passing a judgment and makes a mistake, he receives one reward, and if he passes a correct judgment, he receives two rewards."

This narration is also transmitted through another chain.

Alqamah bin Wa'il narrates from his father: A man from Hadhramaut and a man from Kindah came to the service of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The man from Hadhramaut said: O Messenger of Allah! This man has seized my land; the land belonged to my father. The other man said: The land is mine and is in my possession; I cultivate it, and this man has no right to it. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) asked the man from Hadhramaut: "Do you have any proof?" He replied: No! The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "Then the other party will take an oath." The man from Hadhramaut asked: O Messenger of Allah! He will not care what kind of oath he takes, because he does not refrain from committing sins. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "This is the only way for you." Then that man took the oath. When he left, the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "If he has taken an oath regarding the property of another person in order to seize it unjustly, then when he appears before Allah Almighty, Allah will turn away from him."

Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) reports that two men claimed ownership of an animal. Neither of them had any proof, so the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ordered both of them: "Both of you should swear an oath and share it between yourselves."

The same narration is transmitted with another chain, however, in it these additional words are present: "Whether both are pleased or do so under compulsion."

Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, may Allah have mercy on him, narrates from his father (Imam Baqir, may Allah be pleased with him) the statement of Sayyiduna Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him: The Noble Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, gave a verdict in favor of a person based on one witness and an oath. The narrator states: Sayyiduna Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, also gave a similar verdict before you people in Kufa.

Imam Ja'far bin Sadiq (may Allah have mercy on him) narrates from his father (Imam Muhammad Baqir, may Allah have mercy on him) that the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) took an oath from the person seeking the right, and he had a witness with him.