It is narrated from Ibn Abi Mulaykah, he says: Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them both) sent me this writing that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: If people were given according to their claims, they would claim the lives and wealth of others, but the oath will be upon the one against whom the claim is made.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Wa’il bin Hujr (may Allah be pleased with him), he says: I was present with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), when two men came to him; they had a dispute over land. One was Amr’ul-Qais bin ‘Abis Kindi and his opponent was Rabi’ah bin Abdan. The former said: O Messenger of Allah! He forcibly took my land from me during the time of ignorance. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to the Kindi: Present your evidence. He said: I have no evidence. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Then the defendant will take an oath. He said: Then he will seize my property. But the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Other than this, you have no right. Then, when he stood up to take the oath, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever seizes someone’s land unjustly will meet Allah on the Day of Resurrection while He is angry with him.

Sayyiduna Ash’ath bin Qais (may Allah be pleased with him) says: I had a well, and I had a dispute over it with my cousin. He refused to return this well to me. I brought this case to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him). The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said to me: Bring evidence that this well is yours, otherwise he will take an oath. I said: O Messenger of Allah! I have no evidence, and my opponent is a wicked and sinful man, so if you decide the case based on an oath, he will seize my well. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Whoever unjustly seizes the wealth of a Muslim will meet Allah in such a state that Allah will be angry with him. Then the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) recited this verse: {اِنَّ الَّذِیْنَیَشْتَرُوْنَ بِعَہْدِ اللّٰہِ وَاَیْمَانِھِمْ ثَمَنًا قَلِیْلًا اُولٰٓئِکَ لَا خَلَاقَ لَھُمْ فِیْ الآخِرَۃِ وَلَا یُکَلِّمُھُمُ اللّٰہُ وَلَا یَنْظُرُ اِلَیْھِمْیَوْمَ الْقِیَامَۃِ وَلَا یُزَکِّیْھِمْ وَلَھُمْ عَذَابٌ اَلِیْمٌ۔} … Indeed, those who exchange Allah’s covenant and their oaths for a small price, there will be no share for them in the Hereafter, and Allah will neither speak to them nor look at them on the Day of Resurrection, nor will He purify them, and for them is a painful punishment.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, that the Noble Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, gave a verdict based on one witness and an oath. Zaid bin Hubab says: I asked Sayyiduna Malik bin Anas about the oath and witness, whether it is sufficient in cases of divorce and the emancipation of a slave as well? He said: No, this is only for transactions such as buying and selling.

. (Second chain) The Noble Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him and his family, judged with an oath along with a witness in the light of a case. Amr said: This is for matters of wealth.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave a verdict with one witness and one oath. Ja'far says: My father said that Sayyiduna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) gave a similar verdict in Iraq.

Amr bin Qais says that he found it written in the writings of Sayyiduna Sa’d bin Ubadah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) gave a verdict in the light of an oath along with one witness.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah, may Allah be pleased with him, that two men disputed over an animal, while neither of them had any proof. So the Noble Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered them to draw lots for taking an oath, whether they liked this ruling or not.

(Second chain) The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: When both the claimant and the defendant are compelled to take an oath and they both agree to it, then lots should be drawn between them for the oath.

It is narrated from Sayyiduna Abu Musa Ash'ari (may Allah be pleased with him) that two men brought a dispute over a beast of burden to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), while neither of them had any evidence. So the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) divided the animal equally between them.